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Circassians in Türkiye and around the world are marking the 161st anniversary of the Circassian exile, which began on May 21, 1864, following the Russian Empire’s military campaign in the North Caucasus.
The event is widely considered a major turning point in the history of the region, resulting in the forced migration of a significant portion of the Circassian population.
The exile occurred after the Russian Empire declared the conclusion of its decades-long Caucasian War.
Following the military victory, Circassian communities, who had lived in the region for centuries, were subjected to mass deportation. Historians estimate that between 800,000 and 1.5 million people were displaced.
Numerous of these migrants were sent to the territories of the Ottoman Empire.
Survivors were resettled in various parts of the Ottoman Empire, including modern-day Türkiye, Jordan, Syria, and parts of the Balkans. Over time, Circassian communities integrated into local societies while preserving elements of their cultural identity. Today, Türkiye is home to the world’s largest Circassian diaspora.
In Türkiye, May 21 is commemorated each year with memorial events, marches, and cultural programs. Cities such as Istanbul, Ankara, Eskişehir, Düzce, and Kayseri host public gatherings, including exhibitions, panel discussions, and performances of traditional dance and music.
Circassian civil society groups have also used the occasion to raise awareness about their history and culture.
Recent years have seen a growing interest among younger members of the community in learning the Circassian language and documenting oral histories. Efforts to preserve dialects such as Adyghe and Abaza have increased through both local initiatives and digital platforms.
For many members of the Circassian diaspora, the anniversary serves as a day to reflect on their history and identity.
Commemorations often include cultural programs, public speeches, and remembrance ceremonies aimed at ensuring the events of 1864 remain part of the historical record.
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